藏系绵羊IGF-1基因表达水平的实时荧光定量PCR检测

采用实时荧光定量PCR SYBR GreenI荧光染料法,对藏系绵羊皮肤细胞中IGF-1基因的表达水平进行了相对定量分析,建立了快速检测IGF-1基因表达量的方法。通过该方法检测出了IGF基因在藏系绵羊皮肤细胞中的相对表达量,且表达量有差异。该方法具有灵敏度高、重复性好、定量准确、速度快等优点。     

成年黄山短尾猴春季昼间行为时间分配

2007年3～5月,采用焦点动物取样法对黄山野生猴谷YA1群黄山短尾猴成年个体行为时间分配进行系统观察.数据分析显示:黄山短尾猴成年个体日活动行为主要为休息(59.72%)、理毛(17.50%)和觅食(14.82%),其他行为如漫游(5.86%)、玩耍(0.04%)和其他(1.64%)时间花费较少,觅食高峰与投喂时间基本一致.老年组个体比成年组个体花费较多的时间用于休息(Z=-5.811,P＜0.01)和理毛(Z=-4.913,P＜0.01),较少时间漫游(Z=-3.989,P＜0.01).雄性个体花费较多时间休息(Z=-3.577,P＜0.01)而雌性个体花费大量时间进行理毛(Z=-3.134,P＜0.01).哺乳期雌性漫游行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)低于非哺乳期雌性个体,其他行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)明显高于非哺乳期雌性,而觅食行为(Z=-0.1773,P＞0.05)无显著差异性.结果表明人工投喂是导致其行为时间分配的主要原因.     

The roles of calving migration and climate change in the formation of the weak genetic structure in the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)

Geographical barriers and distance can reduce gene exchange among animals, resulting in genetic divergence of geographically isolated populations. The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) has a geographical range of approximately 1600 km across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which comprises a series of tall mountains and big rivers. However, previous studies indicate that there is little genetic differentiation among their geographically delineated populations. To better understand the genetic structure of P. hodgsonii populations, we collected 145 samples from the 3 major calving regions, taking into consideration their various calving grounds and migration routes. We used a combination of mitochondrial sequences (Cyt b, ATPase, D‐loop and COX I) to investigate the genetic structure and the evolutionary divergence of the populations. Significant, albeit weak, genetic differentiation was detected among the 3 geographical populations. Analysis of the genetic divergence process revealed that the animals gradually entered a period of rapid genetic differentiation approximately 60 000 years ago. The calving migration of P. hodgsonii cannot be the main cause of their weak genetic structure because this cannot fully homogenize the genetic pool. Instead, the geological and climatic events as well as the coupling vegetation succession process during this period have been suggested to greatly contribute to the genetic structure and the expansion of genetic diversity.     

互助藏羊肺炎病原绵羊肺炎支原体的PCR检测与分析

青海省互助某羊场藏系绵羊发生肺炎疾病,为了快速准确诊断藏羊肺炎发病的致病病原微生物,及时防控和治疗,采集病死绵羊肺样品,利用PCR分子生物学方法进行鉴定与生物信息学分析。经过分子鉴定,此羊场引发肺病的病原是绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, MO);测序结果显示样品中鉴定的为同一株病原,鉴定的菌株的16S rRNA基因与参考序列EU265779的同源性达到99.86%。同时遗传进化树显示,鉴定的菌株与GenBank中的绵羊肺炎支原体聚成一大支,其关系最近,在进化角度证实此次鉴定的确实为绵羊肺炎支原体。结果表明,此羊场引发肺炎疾病的病原是绵羊肺炎支原体,提示要对羊群进行相关的病原学研究和流行病学调查,为针对性地对细菌性病原进行对症治疗提供参考。     

不同类型藏羊消化率与采食量的比较研究

采食量是放牧家畜生产性能的重要影响因素,在草地生态系统中起重要作用。夏季在甘南夏河分别选取不同生理类群(羔羊、1岁母羊、2岁母羊、3岁母羊、4岁母羊、羯羊和种公羊)的欧拉型、甘加型和乔科型藏羊各4只进行试验。采用二氧化钛指示剂法与粪氮指数法分别测定藏羊排粪量和牧草有机物质消化率,从而计算放牧采食量,并对特征间的相关性进行研究。结果表明:欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均放牧采食量分别为1031.93、834.59和956.15 g·d^-1,乔科型藏羊放牧采食量显著(P<0.05)小于欧拉型和甘加型藏羊。3个类型藏羊的每kg代谢体重采食量和干物质采食量占体重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊对夏河天然草地牧草的平均有机物质消化率分别为50.79%、47.22%和55.58%。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均排粪量分别为561.26、484.06和466.74 g·d^-1,其中欧拉型藏羊的排粪量显著高于其他两个类型。试验在高寒地区天然草地研究不同类型藏羊的排粪量、有机物质消化率和放牧采食量,旨在为该地区放牧藏羊的科学饲养与管理提供理论依据。     

不同饲养方式对藏羔羊生长发育的影响

为了研究不同饲养方式对藏羔羊生长发育的影响,本试验对120只藏羔羊初生至12月龄体重、体尺测量数据进行了分析。结果表明:藏羔羊生长发育速度随月龄、季节的变化而变化。试验组羔羊初生到12月龄生长发育呈持续增长的态势。6月龄前生长发育迅速,6月龄平均体重由初生3.76 kg增长到24.43 kg,各项体尺数据均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。对照组藏羔羊9～10月龄开始体重因牧草质量下降、营养供给不足出现负增长,而体高、体长均增长缓慢。因此,在甘南藏羊的生产中应大力推广暖季放牧+冷季(放牧+补饲)饲养方式。     

藏羚羊被毛纤维氨基酸含量的分析研究

作者对藏羚羊被毛纤维氨基酸含量进行了测定,结果表明,藏羚羊粗毛中谷氨酸含量比绒纤维的提高32.5%,但组氨酸和胱氨酸含量仅为绒纤维的66%和15.48%。藏羚羊被毛角蛋白氨基酸的组成与山羊、绵羊被毛纤维相同;但在各种氨基酸的含量比例上有一定的差异,藏羚羊绒组氨酸含量为5.88%,均高于山羊绒和绵羊毛中组氨酸的含量;胱氨酸含量为10.60%,高于其它所测山羊的绒和毛;碱性氨基酸与酸性氨基酸含量接近（14.87%,15.23%）;藏羚羊绒促螺旋蛋白（Paa）含量低于降螺旋蛋白（Daa）。     

Expression of natural killer cell stimulatory receptor NKG2D and its ligand MICA in Tibetan patients with gastric cancer at Qinghai plateau

AIM: To investigate the expression of natural killer cell stimulation receptor D(NKG2D) in peripheral blood and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein A(MICA) on the gastric carcinoma tissue and the neighboring non-cancerous tissue in Tibetan patients with gastric cancer at Qinghai plateau. METHODS: Samples of 33 patients and 20 healthy persons were collected to detect NKG2D in peripheral blood by Flow cytometry analysis. The expressions of MICA in part of the correspondent tissues were examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: The expression of NKG2D in the plateau of Tibetan patients with gastric cancer group (13.47 ±5.26)% was significantly lower than that in healthy groups (32.62±10.08)%. The mRNA level of MICA in gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in neighboring non-cancerous tissue (P<0.05). The expressions of MICA proteins showed a significant difference between the neighboring non-cancerous tissue (21.21%, 7/33) and the gastric carcinoma tissue (78.79%, 26/33), between the high differentiation (60.00%, 3/5) and the moderate (72.73%, 8/11), low differentiation (88.24%, 15/17). The expressions of MICA were not correlated with tumor size, sex, age, lymph node metastasis of the patients (P>0.05). Spearman rank correlation displayed that the expressions of MICA mRNA were positively correlated with the MICA protein level (r=0.903, P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The immune escape in Tibetan patients with gastric cancer at Qinghai plateau probably relates to the down-regulation of NKG2D and the up-regulation of its ligand MICA. The activity of NK cells and the anti-cancer cellular immunity level are descending in the plateau of Tibetan patients with gastric cancer. The decrease in the receptor NKG2D is a reason for the activity of NK cell descending.     

阿莫西林在藏系羊体内的药物动力学研究

为研究阿莫西林在藏系羊体内的药物动力学特征,了解阿莫西林在藏系羊体内的吸收、分布、转化及排泄规律,以期为牧区兽医临床用药提供依据。本试验选取8只成年藏系羊,阿莫西林口灌给药,不同时间点采集藏系羊血液,利用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果表明,阿莫西林经藏系羊口灌给药(15 mg/kg.B.W)后,其主要药动学参数为:t_(1/2α)为(0.773±0.097)h,t1/2ka为(0.156±0.021)h,t_(1/2β)为(3.787±0.973)h,AUC为(8.249±1.023)μg·h/m L,T_(max)为(0.497±0.036)h,C_(max)为(2.667±0.198)μg/m L。表明阿莫西林口灌给药后,在成年藏系羊体内吸收迅速,消除较快。     

Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

To mitigate the impacts of grassland degradation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), in recent decades China has been implementing large-scale conservation programs and has invested about 42 billion CNY (7 billion USD). However, these programs are faced with major challenges involving trade-offs between ecological function, livestock production and income of pastoralists. Scientific assessments, as well as technical and policy issues, have not fully captured the complex ecological, social and economic dynamics of the challenges facing grassland management on the QTP. Pastoral livestock production on the QTP is characterized by imbalance in both quality and quantity between livestock seasonal nutrient requirements and herbage production, which forces pastoralists to keep larger numbers of livestock for longer periods, leading to overgrazing. To solve these problems, an integrated crop-livestock system is promoted to improve the efficiency of livestock production and conserve natural grassland as well for a sustainable system for the QTP.